Carbon
- fuel (coal)
- lubricant (graphite)
- C-14 isotope used in
archaeological dating
- carbon compounds are important
in many facets of the chemical industry
Silicon
- doped with boron, gallium,
phosphorus, or arsenic, etc. to produce silicon for use in transistors,
solar cells, rectifiers, and other electronic solid-state devices
- silicones are important
products of silicon. They are prepared by hydrolysing a silicon organic
chloride, such as Me2SiCl2
- silica, as sand, is a principal
ingredient of glass, a material with excellent mechanical, optical,
thermal, and electrical properties
- computer chips
- lubricants
- used to make concrete and
bricks
- used in medicine for silicone
implants
Germanium
- doped with arsenic, gallium, or
other elements for use as a transistor element. Its application as a
semiconductor provides the largest use for germanium
- alloying agent
- phosphor in fluorescent lamps
- a catalyst
- germanium and germanium oxide
are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and
other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors.
Also for wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives.
- possible chemotherapy
applications?
- use as a gamma-radiation
detector
Tin
- used to coat other metals to
prevent corrosion or other chemical action (tin cans are made from tin
coated steel)
- alloying agent, important alloys incldue soft solder,
type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal,
White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze
- the chloride (SnCl2.H2O) is used
as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing
- tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce
electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting
and for frost-free wind-shields
- window glass is made by floating molten glass on molten
tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process)
- a crystalline tin-niobium alloy is superconductive at
very low temperatures. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh just
a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that are comparable to that of a
100 ton electromagnet
- trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are biocides - there
is concern over their environmental effects. Tributyltin is the active
ingredient in a type of antifouling paint used on ships.
Lead
- the metal and the dioxide are
used in storage batteries
- cable covering, plumbing, ammunition
- manufacture of PbEt4
- an antiknock compound in petrol. Environmental concern with lead
poisoning, (and cheaper unleaded petrol prices) is slowly resulting in
less use of lead in petrol
- the metal is very effective as
a sound absorber
- a radiation shield around X-ray
equipment and nuclear reactors
- used extensively in paints,
although recently the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed
to eliminate or reduce health hazards
- the oxide is used in producing
fine "crystal glass" and "flint glass" with a high
refractive index for achromatic lenses
- solder
- used by the Romans for plumbing
(the decline of the Roman empire is attributed to lead in the water
supply!)
- used to contain corrosive
liquids
- alloying
- cable covering
- ammunition
- shield against X-rays
- oxide used to produce crystal
glass
- insecticides
Ununquadium
- Element 114 has no uses as only a very few atoms of this element have been identified.
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